The Social Impact of the Vietnam War Essay Example

The Social Impact of the Vietnam War Essay Social Impact of the Vietnam War Jess Carrignan December 10, 2010 A. P. U. S. History Changes in societies have occurred since the very first civilizations and continue to occur today. Each society is a reflection of the art and music, as well as the people and their values and beliefs of the people of the time. The social structure of the people is very much shaped by the events that occur during that particular generation. Often in history major events such as wars and natural disasters are the defining factors that influence and shape that particular society. Here in the United States our society is certainly no exception. It has been constantly changing since the very early days of the Pilgrims. One such event that shaped and defined the society of its time was the Vietnam War which brought about one of the greatest, massive and rapid changes to American society. The Vietnam War, fought between 1955 and 1975, was one of the most grueling and devastating wars America has ever fought. The death toll of American soldiers was greater than that of all other previous wars fought with other countries. Countless numbers of Americans were killed as they suffered dangerous and harsh condition. The home front during the war was just as chaotic and brutal. The war brought about drastic changes to all aspects of the United States, both political, economic, and most notably, social. The effects of the Vietnam War were seen throughout the country as Americans rose up in protest against the war. The social changes brought about by the Vietnam War forever shaped and defined American Society and culture by acting as a catalyst to the counterculture movement in the sixties and a shift in art, music and education. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Impact of the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Impact of the Vietnam War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Impact of the Vietnam War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The social impact of the Vietnam War was profound; its affects reverberated throughout the nation, instilling new values and beliefs, influencing music, art, and education and impacting family life, shaping the culture of American society far beyond that time period. One result of the Vietnam War was a radical change in American’s values and beliefs. This time period is often referred to as the â€Å"era of the hippies†. A hippy was the label given to those who rejected the traditional social values of the society and promoted the values of peace, love and unconditional freedoms. They were known for their unconventional living styles and dress, as well as their enthusiasm to partake in recreational activities such as sex and drugs. To the older generations who strongly held firm to their values of patriotism and conservatism, this movement was seen as offensive and vulgar. The war was the underlying cause for the hippie movement, as the very origins of the hippies came from those who actively opposed the war and believed in pacifism instead of violence. This antiwar atmosphere caught the attention of the younger generations and soon caught on, spreading throughout the country. The devastation occurring over in Vietnam only further provoked the antiwar activists and hippies who fueled the growing change in American society, bringing about the counterculture movement of the sixties. Americans began to distrust the United States government, believing the justifications behind the war were corrupt. This led to protest not only against the war, but against the government itself. â€Å"What it did was it gave people more of a thought that they could protest against the government and what it was doing. The various scandals exposed throughout the war further fueled the distrust and anger and led many to believe that change was necessary. The counterculture movement reflected the growing change in beliefs and values that were brought on by the war. The social conservatism and strong sense of patriotism and pride for America that was seen predominately throughout the forties and fifties was beginning to be replaced by the ideas of liberalism and freedom, shared by the younger generations. The younger generations began to see themselves as the new voice of society and freely expressed their hatred and disgust for the Vietnam War. They strongly emphasized individual rights and freedoms and felt that Americans needed to break free from the bonds of true self expression. This breaking away from the traditional American beliefs and values created a generation gap, between those in the younger generation who actively protested the war and those in the older generations whose conservative views held that Americans should support their troops regardless of their own political and moral feelings, and held fast to their conservative beliefs. The major rift in society was caused solely by the Vietnam War and the effects it had throughout the country. The Vietnam War brought about a gradual, yet defining, change in American values: from a sense of patriotism and pride in ones country, towards a heavy emphasis on pacifism, love and the unbounded freedoms and rights they believed Americans were entitled to. The Vietnam War also highly influenced education. Often during times of war, education was pushed aside and neglected since the majority of young men who would normally go to school were sent overseas to fight in the wars. The Vietnam War however played a major role in education and vice versa. The generation during this time period prided themselves on their education and grew to seek more and more knowledge despite the challenges they faced due to the war. The youth of this period were actually very well educated in comparison with previous generations. Education did not seem to be inhibited by the war but actually quite the opposite, as it flourished more during this period . The Vietnam War brought about a greater interest in political philosophy and the blossoming of ideas such as, liberalism, socialism, feminism and other philosophies. The growing interest in such concepts sparked a greater movement in education and a general search for new truths in order to break away from the previous social norms of society that existed in the forties and fifties. The war not only sparked new interest in education and learning but it also impacted and influenced the social structure of colleges as well. The Vietnam War had the largest impact on college students and the majority of the antiwar movement occurred on college campuses . The war created a new type of environment among college campuses which caused â€Å"a lot of riots and protesting. A lot of people in this county were opposed to the Vietnam war and young people especially revolted against the draft against the war. † Filled with anger and resentment towards the war, college campuses became the center point for protests and demonstrations in the antiwar movement. These protests often turned violent and destructive resulting in many college campuses being forced to temporarily close down . While it was not uncommon for riots to break out on campuses, in many ways the war united the students, bringing them together under a common goal. This union and bond formed further enhanced an environment prime for learning and new discoveries. It is in these ways, and many others, that the Vietnam War greatly impacted education in America. It sparked new interest in philosophies and an increased desire to learn and discover new ideas, as well as impacting and influencing the social structure of colleges and their students. One of the most visible impacts the Vietnam War had on American society was its’ influence on the arts. Throughout history the art work of an era reflected the events of the time as well as the beliefs and values of the society. Historical events are a large source of influence and inspiration for artists such as painters and sculptures. The Vietnam War proved to be no exception. The art work of the era often reflected the antiwar movement as well as the hippie movement of the time period. Artists played a large role in influencing the general public. They were able to accurately depict the events of Vietnam which in turn greatly impacted Americans and further fueled the antiwar protests and movements. Artists for example, portrayed the horrors of the war as they saw it. Duane Hanson, a famous sculptor of the era, created some gruesome and vivid images portraying dying soldiers such as his piece, the â€Å"Vietnam Scene. † Other artists including, Leon Golub, Antonio Frasconi and Jasper Johns also expressed their political and social views through their art. Scenes of soldiers being tortured, anti-Vietnam War posters and slogans and art promoting freedom and the general beliefs of the hippies covered America. â€Å"There was love painted on walls with LOV and E slanted down on the right in a 45degree angle. All kinds of symbols that came about because the generation then said make love not war, and they were expressing that. † The media was just beginning to flourish and the Vietnam War was its’ major topic of interest. The growth of the media gave artists a new and more efficient network to be able to get their art out to the general public which in turn inspired more and more artists. Due to this, and the Vietnam War, art was able to thrive during this time period. The impact the Vietnam War had on American society is most clearly seen through its heavy influence on the artists and their artwork during this time period. Just as Art was strongly influenced by the events of the Vietnam War, music was as well. The music during the era reflected the value and beliefs of the time period. Throughout each generation and decade, there is a new style of music. The music of this time period could be classified simply as antiwar and protest music. â€Å"There was a lot of what you would call the hippie type music that came out of that group of people, the flower children. â€Å" Artists expressed their discontent about the events surrounding the war through their lyrics and songs. The anti-Vietnam War movement, encouraged new artists to come forth and share their message, and brought about an overall open sense of expression through the arts. In many ways, the Vietnam War became a blessing to many artists. It opened up new doors and opportunities to market their music to a much broader and open minded generation. Young Americans listened to music more because it closely resembled the same opinions and beliefs they held. Some of the most famous and notable songs that arose from that era were influenced by the Vietnam War. Songs such as, â€Å"Paint it Black,†Ã¢â‚¬  Puff the Magic Dragon,† and â€Å"Leaving on a Jet Plane, â€Å"were all songs inspired by the events of the Vietnam War and the change it brought about to the American society . The music not only reflected the culture but helped shape it as well. It further spread the antiwar message throughout the country and inspired others to join in and protest. The Vietnam War allowed music to become a major factor in American society, shaping and defining the thoughts and beliefs of America throughout that time period. The Vietnam War also had a major impact on families. Many reports talk about the devastating toll the war took on families in Vietnam but fail to note the devastating impact it had on American families as well. Families were literally torn apart during the war. Sons, brothers, fathers, and uncles, all being forced to abandon their families and loved ones to fight in a war that many of them disagreed with. Fathers were torn from their children and families, often leaving them with financial troubles. The â€Å"lucky ones† who did not return back to America in body bags returned with other problems, including physical and mental disabilities. The majority of soldiers suffered from post traumatic stress disorder, an illness that many were not aware existed at that time. The crippling after affects of the war added additional stress on families and often broke them apart. Soldiers were not warmly welcomed back as they often were in previous wars. Instead they returned home to mass protests against their involvement as well as demonstrations and even some cases of physical assault. â€Å"People came back from Vietnam wounded, or otherwise mentally or physically wounded and it seemed like no one cared. Wives and family members of soldiers were forced to deal with the assaults while the soldiers were away and fighting for their lives in the war. The impact it had on families was often too great of a toll for many of them to handle. The generation gap which also occurred as a result of the war also broke apart many families as parents and children grew apart. The close, tight, knit family structure that was seen in the forties and fifties was slowly being broken apart during the Vietnam War. A lot of people in this county opposed to the Vietnam war and young people especially revolted against the draft against the war. â€Å" They were fleeing to Canada to avoid the draft and it became a process where it began the degeneration of family life in this country† Disagreements over the war and whether or not America should be involved divided many families. Overall the Vietnam War proved detrimental to society’s idea of the American family, altering its views and concepts of families. The Vietnam War forever left its’ mark on American society. It was one of the most devastating and crushing defeats this country has ever faced, and its impact was felt in throughout the entire country. It greatly impacted and influenced all aspects of American society including the values and beliefs, art, music, and family life. The Vietnam War brought about a change to a more liberal and free spirited general view on life with heavy emphasis on individual rights and freedoms. It was the inspiration behind a new wave of education and learning, creating a greater interest in philosophy and encouraging a new found freedom for thoughts and ideas. The war also greatly impacted the music and art of the era. It served as the major inspiration for artists who portrayed the Vietnam War throughout their artwork and music. Families also felt the impact of the war as it took its toll on family unites and the general family structure. The war divided and split many families, through loss of loved ones, divorce, and other troubles brought on by the war such as post traumatic stress disorder. Its social impact on America was immense; influencing and changing many of its aspects including, American values and beliefs, art music, education and family. Bibliography Primary Axelrod, Alan. Complete Idiots Guide to American History. 1998. Stiles, Laura. BAY SHORES FRANK ROMEO REVEALS HIS CLOSET ART. Long Island Press, 3 June 2004. Hughes, Toby. 1989. What The Captain Means: A Song of the In-Country Air War. Manuscript Treaster, Joseph B. 1966. G. I. View of Vietnam. New York Times Magazine, October 30, 1966:100 Schiraldi, Glenn. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sourcebook. Lincolnwood, Ill. : Lowell House, 2000. Sitikoff, Harvard. The Postwar Impact of Vietnam. John Deming, Interviewed by Jessica Carrignan, December 16, 2010 Secondary Counterculture: Encyclopedia Counterculture. http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Counterculture/id/2018546 (16 November 2010). Vietnam War: Encyclopedia Vietnam War. http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Vietnam_War/id/1992281 (16 November 2010). Anderson, JW. Vietnam Era Anti War Music. http://www. jwsrockgarden. com/jw02vvaw. htm (16 November 2010). Vietnam War. http://www. spiritus-temporis. com/vietnam-war/overview. html (16 November 2010).

construction grammar - definition and discussion

construction grammar - definition and discussion In linguistics, construction grammar  refers to any of the various approaches to language study that emphasize the role of grammatical constructionsthat is, conventional pairings of form and meaning. Some of the different versions of construction grammar are considered below. Construction grammar is a theory of linguistic knowledge. Instead of assuming a clear-cut division of lexicon and syntax, note Hoffmann and Trousdale, Construction Grammarians consider all constructions to be part of a lexicon-syntax continuum (a construction). Examples and Observations James R. HurfordThere are several different versions of Construction Grammar, and my account . . . will describe, quite informally, what they have in common. The common idea is that a speakers knowledge of his language consists of a very large inventory of constructions, where a construction is understood to be of any size and abstractness, from a single word to some grammatical aspect of a sentence, such as its Subject-Predicate structure. Construction Grammar emphasizes that there is a lexicon-syntax continuum, contrary to traditional views in which the lexicon and the syntactic rules are held to be separate components of a grammar. The central motive of Construction Grammar theorists is to account for the extraordinary productivity of human languages, while at the same time recognizing the huge amount of idiosyncratic grammatical data that humans acquire and store. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma (Goldberg 2006, p. 45). The k ey point is that storage of idiosyncratic facts is compatible with deploying these facts productively to generate novel expressions. R.L. TraskCrucially, construction grammars are not derivational. So for example, the active and passive forms of a sentence are regarded as having different conceptual structures rather than one being a transformation of the other. Since construction grammars depend on the conceptual meaning in context, they can be seen as approaches to linguistics that collapse the classical distinctions between semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The construction is the unit of language, which cuts across these other aspects. So, for example, in They laughed him out of the room, the normally intransitive verb receives a transitive reading and the situation can be interpreted on the basis of the X cause Y to move construction rather than the sytanctic deviance alone. As a result, construction grammars are proving most useful in understanding language acquisition and are being used for second-language teaching, since it is the meaningfulness of the situation which is of primary importance, and syntax and semantics are treated holistically. William Croft and D. Alan CruseAny grammatical theory can be described as offering models of representation of the structure of an utterance, and models of organization of the relationship between utterance structures (presumably, in a speakers mind). The latter are sometimes described in terms of levels of representation, linked by derivational rules. But construction grammar is a nonderivational model (like, for instance, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar), and so a more general description of this aspect of grammatical theory is organization.Different versions of construction grammar will be briefly outlined . . .. We survey four variants of construction grammar found in cognitive linguisticsConstruction Grammar (in capital letters; Kay and Fillmore 1999; Kay et al. in prep.), the construction grammar of Lakoff (1987) and Goldberg (1995), Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991) and Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001)and focus on the distinctive characteristics of each th eory. . . .It should be noted that the different theories tend to focus on different issues, representing their distinctive positions vis––vis the other theories. For example, Construction Grammar explores syntactic relations and inheritance in detail; the Lakoff/Goldberg model focuses more on categorization relations between constructions; Cognitive Grammar focuses on semantic categories and relations; and Radical Construction Grammar focuses on syntactic categories and typological universals. Finally, the last three theories all endorse the usage-based model... Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme TrousdaleOne of the central concepts of linguistics is the Saussurean notion of the linguistic sign as an arbitrary and conventional pairing of form (or sound pattern/signifiant) and meaning (or mental concept/signife; cf., e.g., de Saussure [1916] 2006: 65-70). Under this view, the German sign Apfel and its Hungarian equivalent alma have the same underlying meaning apple, but different associated conventional forms . . .. Over 70 years after Saussures death, several linguists then explicitly started to explore the idea that arbitrary form-meaning pairings might not only be a useful concept for describing words or morphemes but that perhaps all levels of grammatical description involve such conventionalized form-meaning pairings. This extended notion of the Saussurean sign has become known as construction (which includes morphemes, words, idioms, and abstract phrasal patterns) and the various linguistic approaches exploring this idea were labeled Constructi on Grammar. Jan-Ola Ãâ€"stman and Mirjam Fried[One] precursor to Construction Grammar is a model that was also developed at the University of California at Berkeley in the late 1970s, within the tradition of Generative Semantics. This was the work of George Lakoff and informally known as Gestalt Grammar (Lakoff 1977). Lakoffs experiential approach to syntax was based on the view that the grammatical function of a sentence constituent holds only in relation to a particular sentence type as a whole. Specific constellations of relations such as Subject and Object thus constituted complex patterns, or gestalts. . . . Lakoffs (1977: 246-247) list of 15 characteristics of linguistic gestalts contains many of the features that have become definitional criteria of constructions in Construction Grammar, including, for example, the formulation that Gestalts are at once holistic and analyzable. They have parts, but the wholes are not reducible to the parts.

Five Guy's Proposal Preparation Plan Term Paper

Five Guy's Proposal Preparation Plan - Term Paper Example To ensure maintenance of quality food service equipment’s, periodic renovations will be carried out. For taxation purposes and proper maintenance of books of accounts, a professional qualified head cashier will be responsible for the actions of junior cashiers. Insurance policies have to be designed. In the formulation of these policies, fire accidents must be given priority, taking into account the various forms of heat transmission that substitute the term fire. Injury of employees while in work or clients while at the work place must be considered as well. Therefore, in addressing these concerns, sub-contracting of services will be made. Cleaning services will be sub-contracted to a cleaning agency which must ensure the facilities are hygienic at all times. There will be consultations with employment agencies in search of qualified personnel for the different job levels. Consequently, consultations will involve more than one employment agency. In ensuring operator maintenan ce, in additional to the subcontracted maintainer, there will be a technician to keep the system in check who will report to the contracted maintainer. Condensed Proposal Plan Executive Summary My perceived business idea is establishing a quality food joint accessible to all. It will stand out from the neighboring joints in the following ways: Reasonable prices will be charged to accommodate all level of income earners, service will be available for 24 hours every day to cater for those who work on nightshifts, equal treatment of all clients regardless of background, these among others will be facilitated by the fact that all employees are carefully chosen and selected from the employment agencies (Murray, 2008). Thus, quality service will be one of the unique characteristic which will aid progress. The food firm is a cost center itself; customers are the only profit center. Every function will take customer satisfaction into consideration. Costs will be high before the implementati on of this idea; consequently, large amount of finances will be required, and their recovery will be made along the way. Management Team It will comprise of five professionals, who have experience in different fields. This will ensure efficient running of operations and adherence of laws (Finch, 2006). Service Provision of healthy foods to replace junk foods sold in the market. Prices of these foods will be reasonable compared to the current junk food prices in the market. Customer willingness to pay a slightly higher price for healthy cooked foods will increase sales. Market and competition Food is a basic necessity (Freed, 2010). Targeted customers are the general public. There are no major competitors, due to the absence of healthy foods outlet in this locality. The market is wide, eventually, branches will be established. Competitors might enter the market; as a result, patents and rights will be acquired prior to operations to avoid unhealthy competition. We will remain the lea der. Marketing and Sales Initially, print advertising will be employed. Word of mouth advertising will be employed by clients once they visit the joint. Investment in this will be minimal. Sales will be low at the beginning, promotion will be effected, as time progresses they will reach the break-even point with no difficulty. Production Process and System Production will encompass scientific food mixing

Sex and Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sex and Media - Essay Example Given that media tends to be more fiction than fact, sex is often showed in a negative light, presenting negative images and ideas to those that are subjected to such media. The media, such as television shows, presents a falsified, and often brutal, view of sex. From rape to sexual abuse, shows on television have shown it all. While many people are taught that sex is the representation of love in a physical form, media reveals it to be something other than being related to love (Nikunen 108). Some television shows do not directly show the sexual act, preferring to imply it and use the camera to skirt around the scene, but the images are no less graphic. As long as these television shows make their viewer rating known prior to the start of the show, they are allowed to display graphic acts of sexual violence. Rape and sexual abuse are common occurrences in this world, but by displaying them as forms of entertainment, they are only being condoned by society. Sex in media has the great est influence on adolescents. More often than not, this influence is negative, encouraging young people to engage in premarital, underage sex. Television shows like â€Å"Teen Mom† and â€Å"16 and Pregnant† glamorize teenage sex, condoning it for teenagers that watch these shows. Teenagers love the Hollywood lifestyle, and television shows that praise teenage pregnancy is not exempt.

Auditing 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auditing 8 - Essay Example the bank accounts of the business so that they are able to determine the financial aspects they are needed to have findings on such as revenue, asset base, and cash flows. Full disclosure also has the impact of keeping finances and the operations of accompany open and transparent (Crist, 2009). Not disclosing an account containing $500,000 is gross and has the impact of rendering the auditors work unsatisfactory. It is negligent on the part of the new owners not to be aware of the existent of such an account. To avoid compromise, the auditor should note this in the final report. 2. According to Securities and Exchange Commission actions needed to improve Public Company Accounting Oversight Board selection process. (2002); a public accounting company shall be deemed to be independent in the performance of professional services like auditing of clients as stipulated by the standards promulgated by the bodies authorized by the council such as SEC, DOL or AICPA SEC. The independence of a public accounting company will be considered impaired with regards to a client when the employee of the accounting firm gets employed by the client after leaving the accounting firm unless some conditions are met. However, it is not easy to mention instances when the appearance of independence may be in question. Depending on the type of auditor employed by the firm, they can be paid in terms of audit fees or audit salaries (Funnell, & Robertson, 2005). Audit payments are competitive with the sole objective of ensuring that auditors do not indulge in unethical, unfair practices in the process of their work. To give the true and fair position with regards to a client’s financial position, auditor’s independence is paramount. 3. Representation letters are quite different from audit evidence due to the fact that they may involve transactions with massive impacts on the financial statements of the company without being able to produce corroborative evidence (Engel, 2005). Given the

Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Feasibility

Single-port Complete Thoracoscopic Lobectomy Feasibility Clinical comparisons of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients Abstract Objective: To compare the feasibility and safety of single-port versus three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University. There were 30 patients in single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (single-port group) and other 30 in three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (three-port group). Total lymph node harvest, mediastinal lymph node harvest, dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, extubation time, postoperative hospital stay, visual analogue scale (VAS) one day after operation, and the complication rate were thoroughly compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest, mediastinal lymph node harvest, dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups, intraoperative blood loss, extubation time, postoperative hospital stay, and complication rate between the two groups (p> 0.05). However, the operation time of single-port group (209.0 ±45.5 min) was significantly longer than that of three-port group (154.5 ±30.9 min) (p Conclusion: For lung cancer patients, the feasibility and safety of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy is similar to three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. Compared with three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy, the operation time of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy is longer, but its postoperative pain is gentler. As the experience accumulating, single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy should be popularized with its merits of minimal invasiveness. Keywords: single-port, three-port, lobectomy, lung cancer. Introduction: Currently, lobectomy is the prior intervention to treat early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [1]. As a minimally invasive technique, thoracoscopic lobectomy has been widely used in current thoracic department [2]. Although single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy has been introduced to treat NSCLC, no literature was available to compare its feasibility and safety with three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective comparison study in lung cancer patients enrolled from June 2014 to August 2014 to investigate the feasibility and safety of single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy. 1. Methods and materials 1.1 General information A total of 60 lung cancer patients from June 2014 to August 2014 in Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital were included in this retrospective study. There were 30 patients in single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (single-port group) and other 30 in three-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy group (three-port group). All patients underwent associated examination such as thoracic computed tomography (CT), cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), skeletal emission computed tomography (ECT), and abdominal and cervical color Doppler ultrasound (CDU). Positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) might also need to be conducted to exclude metastasis if necessary. Electrocardiogram, cardiac CDU, and pulmonary function test were conducted to assess cardiopulmonary function. The inclusion criteria include: 1) patients with stage I-II (cTNM classification) peripheral lung cancer; 2) no thoracic surgery history; 3) lobectomy can be tolerated by card iopulmonary function; 4) preoperative complications have been stably controlled. 1.2 Anesthesia and surgical procedure Double-lumen endobronchial tubes (DLT) were used for intubation for the two groups, and the healthy lung received ventilation. All patients underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy under general anesthesia. For single-port group, a 3.5-4.5cm incision was made from the 4th intercostal space to the 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. The patients underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy with video assistance. For three-port group, a 1.5cm observation port was made on the cross point of midaxillary line and the 7th intercostal space, and a 2-4cm operation port was made on the cross point of anterior axillary line and the 4th/5th intercostal space. A 1.5-2.5cm operation-aided port was made on the cross point of the 7th intercostal space and infrascapular line. For peripheral lung cancer, pulmonary wedge resection was conducted to remove the focus. Once the resection samples were confirmed as malignant tumor by fast frozen pathology, the following standard lobectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy would be employed. For central lung cancer, standard lobectomy was conducted. Once the resection samples were confirmed as malignant tumor by fast frozen pathology, the following mediastinal lymphadenectomy would be employed. Electrocautery and ultrasonic scalpel were used to distract the vessels and bronchus. Suture clamps were used to fix great vessels such as pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery and so on. Hemolock, titanium clip, electrocautery, ultrasonic scalpel and silk ligation were used to handle small vessels. No definite order was made to conduct the lobectomy, which mostly depended on the development of interlobar fissure. Specimen bag was used to extract the removals preventing from contaminating the cuts, and analgesia pumps were used for the two groups. Indications for removing the drain included: 24h drainage flow was less than 100mL; postoperative lung recruitment was favorable without pleural effusion. 1.3 Observation parameters The observation parameters included: 1) parameters during perioperative period: operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage flow, postoperative thoracic cavity drainage time, visual analogue scale (VAS) one day after operation, postoperative hospital stay, death rate during perioperative period, complications during perioperative period. 2) parameters related to tumor resection: total lymph node harvest, node-positive number, node-positive rate, N1 lymph nodes, N2 lymph nodes, N2 lymph node rate, and N2 lymph node groups. 1.4 Statistical methods Statistical software SPSS 16.0 was conducted to analyze the data. Quantitative data was showed as x ±s, and independent t-test was used to test the group comparisons. Enumeration data was presented as rate, and χà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ test was used to test group comparisons. Statistical significance was set as P 2. Results 2.1 Clinical characteristics There were no significant differences in sex, age, tumor location, postoperative pathological type, tumor invasion, visceral pleura invasion, and tumor classification, respectively (P> 0.05) (Table 1). In addition, there were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest, positive lymph node number, total mediastinal lymph node harvest, and dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups (P> 0.05) (Table 2). Table 1. Comparisons of pathological information between single-port group and three-port group. Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Gender 0.183 Male 9 11 Female 21 19 Age (year)* 25-77(61) 45-70(58) 0.583 Tumor location 0.096 Left upper lobe 8 4 Left inferior lobe 5 3 Right upper lobe 8 9 Right middle lobe 3 4 Right inferior lobe 6 10 Tumor type 0.341 Adenocarcinoma 25 22 Squamous carcinoma 2 6 Others 3 2 Tumor invasion 0.583 Carcinoma in situ 2 0 Micro invasion 5 6 Invasion 23 24 Visceral pleura invasion 0.799 No 22 21 Yes 8 9 TNM classification 0.989 Stage 0 1 1 Stage Ia 14 10 Stage Ib 6 10 Stage IIa 2 3 Stage IIb 3 2 Stage IIIa 4 4 *age:extreme value (median). Table 2. Comparisons of lymph node harvest between single-port and three-port group. Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Total lymph node harvest 23.6 ±11.2 25.4 ±7.3 0.737 Positive lymph nodes 1.5 ±3.1 1.9 ±4.9 0.971 Total mediastinal lymph node harvest 16.2 ±9.2 17.2 ±6.5 0.731 Dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups 4.4 ±1.0 4.4 ±0.8 0.637 2.2 Perioperative information All operations were under the video-assistance of total thoracoscopic lobectomy without other assisted endoscope incision. There were no deaths during preoperative period. However, there were a total of five cases with complications, two cases (1 case of arrhythmia; 1 case of systemic infections) in single-port group (6.7%), and another three cases (1 case of arrhythmia; 1 case of air leakage; 1 case of chylothorax) in three-port group (10.0%). There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Additionally, no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative extubation time and postoperative hospital stay were observed (P>0.05). However, operation time in single-port group (209.0 ±45.5 min) was longer than that in three-port group (154.5 ±30.9min) (P Table 3. Comparisons of perioperative outcomes between single-port and three-port group Single-port group (n=30) Three-port group (n=30) P value Operation time (min) 209.0 ±45.5 154.5 ±30.9 0.000 Intraoperative blood loss (ml) 90.6 ±49.3 79.5 ±45.2 0.840 Postoperative extubation time (d) 4.0 ±1.5 5.4 ±3.7 0.256 Postoperative VAS 3.6 ±0.7 5.5 ±1.0 0.000 Postoperative hospital stay (d) 6.9 ±4.0 8.5 ±11.8 0.441 Postoperative complications 2 3 0.799 Arrhythmia 1 1 Systemic complications 1 0 Air leakage 0 1 Chylothorax 0 1 3. Discussions Single-port thoracoscopic technique was first reported to diagnose and treat non-complicated pleura-related disease in 2003[7]. In 2004, it was used in pulmonary wedge resection by Rocco et al.[8]. Seven years later, single-port thoracoscopic technique was reported to conduct lobectomy and lymphadenectomy by Gonzalez et al[9]. Since then, it was applied gradually in segment resection of lung [10], total pneumonectomy [11], bronchial sleeve resection [12] and angioplasty of pulmonary arteries [13]. However, most available literature focused on the feasibility and safety of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy, and no studies compared it with three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy. The presented study retrospectively investigated the differences of clinical outcomes between single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy and three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer. Jiang et al. [14] compared 160 cases of thoracoscopic lobectomy and 247 cases of conventional open surgery and found no signific ant differences in perioperative death (0.6% vs. 2.8%) and complication rate (9.4% vs. 11.7%) (P>0.05). It is indicated that thoracoscopic lobectomy was technically safe to treat NSCLC. Similarly in our study, the complication rates were 6.7% and 10.0% for single-port group and three-port group, respectively. However, there were no deaths during perioperative period in our study. Therefore, our study indicated that single-port lobectomy was at least technically safe compared with three-port group. The vital factor for radical resection of lung cancer by single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was the dissection of lymph nodes. Jiang et al. [14] found no significant differences in dissection of lymph node groups (2.4 ±1.5 vs. 2.6 ±1.6) and lymph node harvest (9.8 ±6.2 vs. 9.9 ±5.9) between thoracoscopic lobectomy group and conventional open surgery group (P> 0.05). Similarly, Zhang et al.[15] found no significant differences in lymph node harvests (14.6 ±7.5 vs. 15.2 ±4.5) between video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery group and video-assisted micro thoracoscopy group. That was to say, the lymph node dissection by thoracoscopic lobectomy was at least equivalent to that by open surgery. In the presented study, there were no significant differences in total lymph node harvest (23.6 ±11.2 vs.25.4 ±7.3), mediastinal lymph node harvest (16.2 ±9.2 vs. 17.2 ±6.5), dissection of mediastinal lymph node groups (4.4 ±1.0 vs. 4.4 ±0.8) between the single-port group and th ree-port group. These results suggested that the lymph node harvest was at least equivalent to the previous studies. In other words, the dissection of lymph nodes by single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was feasible in respect of radical removal of tumors. However, the long-term outcomes need further follow-up to confirm in the future. The incision of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy was located at the cross point of anterior axillary line and the 4th/5th intercostal spaces, which, unlike conventional three-port thoracoscopy, did not have observation port or assisted-operation port. The 4th/5th intercostal spaces were wider with less muscle and less bleeding, which might have little impact on the postoperative recover with less pain. After comparing 20 cases of three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy and 10 cases of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy in treating interstitial lung disease, Chen et al.[16] found that postoperative one-day VAS in single-port group (4.95 ±0.39) was significantly lower than that in three-port group (4.5 ±0.7) (P=0.03). Similarly in our study, postoperative one-day VAS in single-port group (3.6 ±0.7) was significantly lower than that in three-port group (5.5 ±1.0) (P In the presented study, the operation time (209.0 ±45.5 min) in single-port group was significantly lower than that in three-port group (154.5 ±30.9 min). The reasons included 1) all the operating instruments and thoracoscopy went through the single port, which might interfere each other, especially when the focus was near the dorsal cavity and diaphragm. 2) single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy had a strict skill requirement of qualified camera assistant. The camera assistant was supposed to know how to cooperate with the operator, how to allocate the location within the incision, and how to keep the camera stable. Our operation team launched the single-port-thoracoscopic lobectomy since May 2014, and we believed that the operation time would be shortened as we optimized our technique gradually. In summary, the feasibility and safety of single-port thoracoscopic lobectomy were similar to three-port thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer patients. With the development of instruments, the optimization of surgical procedure, and the accumulation of surgical experience, the operation time would likely be shortened gradually. Therefore, single-port complete thoracoscopic lobectomy was supposed to be popularized with its merits of minimal invasiveness.

Digestive Disorders (liver) :: essays research papers

Digestive Disorders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amebic Dysentry is a disorder in which there is an accumulation of pus located in the liver. This is usually caused by an internal parasite or organism. When dealing with this liver disease there are a few symptoms to look out for. Jaundice, which is something that will make your skin and eyes go yellow is a symptom of Amebic Dysentry. Other symptoms to look out for are chills, a high fever, sweating, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain, possible joint pain and an all around basic discomfort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amebic Dysentry is caused by the same micro-organism that causes a variety of intestine infections. This organism is carried through the blood stream to the liver to where the abscess is formed. For starters, the collection of pus is the bodies white blood cells forming to protect the liver. However, it collects too much and that is how the abscess is formed. When you are diagnosed with amebic liver you are very likely to also have an intestinal infection from the disease as well. This is not true for all cases though. Most cases in which both occur are in places of high temperatures and poor sanitation. Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and India have many health problems associated with the disease. The most common way to get this disease is from one person to another. The other most common way is through unhealthy food and badly sanitized water. Not eating properly and excessive drinking will only worsen the disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many ways that you can help prevent getting this disease. If you go to a foreign country, especially in the tropics, always drink purified water, always peel fruit and vegetables, and cook your food at any time possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you think that you may have amebic liver, you should get a liver scan and an ultrasound treatment. If you are diagnosed with it the usual treatment for this is Antimicrobial therapy is the